This original etching, Sculpteur avec Coupe et Modèle accroupi, 21.3.1933 (Sculptor with fishbowl and model seated before a sculpted head) is one of 100 images from the famous Vollard Suite.  Picasso created the etching plate that was used to print this etching on March 21, 1933.

Picasso created 64 of the 100 Vollard Suite etching plates in 1933 and 13 of the etchings are in this Saper Galleries exhibition.

In 1933 Picasso officially lived with his wife, Olga, in Paris.  While his marriage deteriorated, his relationship with Marie-Thérèse blossomed.   The young muse became a constant theme in his paintings and other art in 1933.

Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in January, 1933, a nation with a Jewish population of 556,000.  The new regime passed civil laws that barred Jews from holding positions in the civil service, in legal and medical professions, and in teaching and university positions.  The Nazis encouraged boycotts of Jewish-owned shops and businesses and began book burnings of writings by Jews and by others not approved by the Reich.  Later, the Jews were prohibited from involvement in the arts or to own land or edit newspapers.  Nazi anti-Semitic legislation and propaganda against "Non-Aryans" was a thinly disguised attack against anyone who had Jewish parents or grandparents.  The first concentration camp opened outside of Berlin with several to follow that year.  Nazis passed a law which resulted in beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to the camps.

The increasing political unease in Europe (particularly with respect to Hitler's rise to power and the growing threat of Fascism) and emotional upheavals in Picasso's life contributed to an increasing violent theme in some of Picasso's work, including etchings of the Vollard Suite (not included in this exhibition).

Back in the USA, President Roosevelt ordered a seven-day bank holiday in March, 1933.  At the same time, Picasso continued experimenting with Surrealist imagery, creating figures of unfamiliar juxtapositions of familiar objects.

Between March 14 and June 18 Picasso created 57 etchings, 40 of which were on the theme of the sculptor's studio, produced before the beginning of May.  Early sculptural images were like the actual sculptures Picasso created of Marie-Thérèse in 1932.

In the summer of 1933 Picasso, his wife, Olga, and their child Paulo stayed in Cannes while Marie-Thérèse remained in Biarritz for the summer.  Yet it was Marie-Thérèse who continued to be portrayed in his art and Olga and Paulo were not.

The suite of 100 images was named for Picasso's art dealer and publisher, Ambroise Vollard (1867-1939).  Vollard, responsible for giving the first one-man show in Paris for Picasso in 1901 is the subject of a special exhibition to be at the Museum of Modern Art in New York September, 2006 - January, 2007.  Vollard also gave the first solo shows for artists Cezanne and Matisse in the Paris gallery he created in 1893 where he also exhibited art by Degas, Rodin, Gauguin, and Van Gogh, among others.  In most of these early shows Vollard defied public taste, supporting avante-garde artists, all of  whom later painted portraits of Vollard in appreciation for his early support. 

In 1913 Vollard began to purchase the copper etching plates that Picasso prepared with the intent of producing a limited number of etchings "pulled" from those plates.

In 1937 Vollard was given 97 copper etching plates by Picasso in trade for some paintings (by other artists)  that Picasso wanted from Vollard.  The etching plates were created in the period 1930 to 1936.   Picasso later created three etchings of Vollard, bringing the total number of etching plates to 100.

Vollard died in an auto accident in 1939 and soon after the etching plates were acquired by Henri Petiet.

The 100 Suite Vollard images are generally categorized by themes: The Battle of Love (5 images), The Sculptor's Studio (46), Rembrandt (4), The Minotaur and The Blind Minotaur (15), and the Portraits of Vollard (3).  The remaining 27 images deal with various themes such as women dressing and women sleeping, the circus, bullfight, and love (both tender and otherwise), among others.  Evident among all the prints in the Vollard Suite is a unity bound by the nod to neoclassism, influenced by Picasso's earlier trips to art centers in Italy including Rome, Florence, Naples and Pompeii.

For the Suite Vollard Picasso created 3 of the etchings in 1930, seven in 1931, one in 1932, 61 in 1933, 24 in 1934, none in 1935, one in 1936, and three in 1937.  Between 1930 and 1936 Picasso dated his works in Roman numerals; after 1936 he used Arabic numbers.

Most of the etchings in this Saper Galleries exhibition are from the Sculptor's Studio grouping and are a reflection of the love affair Picasso enjoyed with his model and secret mistress, Marie-Thérèse Walter, whom he met in 1927 when she was 17 years old.  The etchings  are autobiographical in that they display his work as a painter and sculptor and a lover, even as he leaves Marie-Thérèse, soon after meeting Dora Maar in 1936.  The artist's wide range of moods is evident in each of the images as well as the nature of relations he had with the women of his life.  In many of the Sculptor's Studio images Picasso appears to reflect on the story of Pygmalion, in an autobiographic manner.  The story is of the sculptor and King, Pygmalion, who created an ivory statue of a young woman, Galatea, so beautiful that he fell in love with it. 

Picasso's seeming preoccupation with sculpture is related to his concentration with the medium since he acquired a new residence in 1932 at his studio at Boisgeloup outside of Paris.  Between 1933 and 1934 he focused on creating plaster sculptures of his mistress Marie-Thérèse.

In most every image Picasso's technical inventiveness is evident.  In fact, several seem to match the hand of Rembrandt, the great etcher from the 17th century, and it is Rembrandt's face which appears in several of the Picasso etchings.  In his final etchings of the 100 plates, he mastered the technique called sugar lift to achieve tonal qualities and other rich effects that were not developed before Picasso.

Picasso mixed various media, in most cases starting with line etching, then adding drypoint and later aquatint to achieve effects of light and atmosphere or dense darkness.  In observing several of the Vollard etchings together they seem to sing with nuances of dance as they suggest different moods by virtue of medium and the techniques in designing the imagery  portrayed. 

It was Roger Lacourière who was commissioned by Vollard to print the Picasso etching plates in 1939 although the etchings were not offered for sale until 1950.  There were 313 etchings printed from each plate.  On Montval paper were 260 copies watermarked either "Picasso" or "Vollard".  There were also 50 copies printed on a Montval paper about 2" larger in both directions and those were watermarked "Papeterie Montgolfier à Montval".  Finally, there were 3 signed copies on parchment, rarely found in the marketplace.  This etching is from the edition of 260 on Montval paper watermarked "Picasso".

After World War II Petiet had Picasso sign a certain number of sets of the Vollard Suite etchings.  In 1969, Picasso, so preoccupied with the creation of his 347 Series, stopped signing the Vollard etchings, and that is why there are still so many unsigned today.

Most recently the Picasso Suite Vollard etchings were exhibited at the National Gallery in Washington D.C., the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, the Norton Simon Museum, and the Nassau County Musuem of Art.  There are more than 120 major museums which display significant Picasso collections.   It is said that Picasso's Vollard Suite is the greatest group of prints produced in the 20th century.